What are the core elements of the DePIN economic model?

Through sound token economics, DePIN can effectively solve the challenge of cold start of projects, thereby contributing to a thriving ecosystem, which is the DePIN flywheel effect. (Synopsis: How can DePIN boost Web3 gaming? (Background added: Grass rises after the airdrop!) What is the charm of combining AI and DePIN? DePIN (Decentralization Physical Infrastructure Network) incentivizes users to share personal resources through token awards, aiming to build a wide infrastructure network covering storage space, communication bandwidth, cloud computing, energy and other fields. DePIN Token plays a central role in network operations, facilitating governance, service payments, and stakes, all of which contribute to the growth of the network: the token structure encourages more resource investment, thereby improving coverage and service quality. The optimized service attracts more customers, which in turn increases the utilization of the DePIN infrastructure and the demand for tokens. Through sound token economics, DePIN can effectively solve the challenge of cold start of projects, thereby contributing to a thriving ecosystem, which is the DePIN flywheel effect. DePIN Flywheel DePIN offers several advantages over traditional physical infrastructure, including horizontal scalability, community control, and efficient cost operations. This article will explore key tracks and projects in the DePIN space, including storage (Filecoin, Arweave), compute (Render, io.net, Akash, Aethir), AI (Bittensor, ASI, Virtual Protocol), and other tracks (Helium, Livepeer, Hivemapper). Finally, we will evaluate which Block chain platforms are suitable for developing DePIN projects. Storage networks are derived from the Incentive Layer of the IPFS protocol and have the potential to evolve into a data availability layer for modular block chains. Storage space can be used for Cold Storage and hot storage according to the specific design of the network. However, many storage projects are still in the early stages of ecosystem development, which often leads to oversupply in the market. Filecoin Filecoin is one of the largest decentralized storage networks, built on a peer-to-peer Interplanetary File System (IPFS) protocol. Unlike traditional storage solutions, which rely on specific devices or cloud servers for data access, IPFS supports persistent references to content independent of location. Filecoin has added an Incentive Layer through its native Cryptocurrency FL, enabling reliable storage and data access. Filecoin is launched by Protocol Labs, founded by Juan Benet (creator of IPFS and Filecoin), especially for Cold Storage. As of October 2024, Filecoin has generated approximately 4.28 million blocks and has 4.7 exabytes (EiB) of network storage capacity. A total of 1,837 data customers uploaded approximately 2.4 EiB of data. The network currently supports 2,050 active Miners, who together commit to approximately 149.7 million FIL, which is 7.49% of the total token supply. History of Filecoin Filecoin introduced Filecoin Plus to incentivize quality data storage, Station to improve retrieval speed, Saturn for content delivery, Storacha for hot object storage, and introduced a new Curio Storage operating platform for SPs to use, among other things. More than just improving the network, Filecoin has introduced innovative solutions such as persistent storage solutions from Lighthouse, file-sharing tools from Fileverse, non-fungible tokens to support games and music, and more. In addition, the introduction of the Filecoin Virtual Machine (FVM) has transformed Filecoin into a two-tier network, combining the Data Availability Layer (DA) and the Smart Contract Layer to provide Decentralization Applications (DApps) with the opportunity to build a Decentralized Finance ecosystem. The partnership with IoTeX makes Filecoin the storage foundation of choice for their DePIN layer networks and lays the foundation for a future DePIN boom. With the launch of Interstellar Consensus (IPC), DApps are allowed to enhance scalability and customization by deploying "subnets" or Layer 2 networks on top of the Filecoin network. As of October 2024, more than 4,300 contracts have been deployed on FVMs, and total lock-up volume (TVL) reached a full-time high of 63 million FIL (approximately $273 million) in the second quarter of 2024. However, the development of the Filecoin ecosystem is still highly focused on FL's liquid lease. Filecoin's storage utilization is relatively low, around 30%. The Filecoin network's total net deposits totaled just over $100 million, more than 60% of which were concentrated on GLIF, a liquid leasing protocol that facilitates lending and borrowing from FIL to balance supply and demand between FIL holders and Miner. Filecoin lacked compelling innovation and failed to stand out from other emerging DePIN stars. FIL is the blood of the Filecoin network, used for governance rights, storage payments, network fuel, SP guarantees, and network incentives, with a Market Cap of $5.35 billion, a circulating supply of 30%, and an annual inflation rate of up to 27%. From September 2023 to September 2024, more than 46.5 million FIL were excavated, and about 1.4 million FIL were burned during the same period. 70% of the total amount is used for minting awards, while the remaining 30% is held by Protocol Labs and the Filecoin Foundation. In minting awards, up to 38.5% of FILs are based on network performance mint, and 16.5% of FILs are gradually released according to the six-and-a-half life plan, meaning that 97% of these tokens will be released in about 30 years. From a supply and demand perspective, FIL's supply mainly comes from new mint tokens, which are affected by high inflation, while demand is mainly related to demand for storage services. However, the ecosystem mainly caters to Miner and aims to solve the problem of low capital utilization. Therefore, the price of FIL is greatly affected by Miner. Arweave Arweave is a Decentralization network that provides permanent data storage and hosting services, secured by an open network of DecentralizationMiners that earn awards in the form of $AR Tokens by storing and replicating data. Arweave uses the innovative data structure Blockweave and the unique Consensus Mechanism Spora. This mechanism requires Miner to connect each new block with the previous block and a randomly selected historical block to ensure data scalability, redundancy and stability. The user pays a one-time fee for permanent storage; However, only a portion of the $AR (16.67%) will be paid to Miner immediately as an initial storage fee. The rest is allocated to a fund and...